Explosive pipe coupling method

ABSTRACT

Pipes or other tubular members are explosively joined. An internal smooth walled tube is placed within an outer tube or sleeve having one or more circumferential internal grooves; an explosive charge centered within a shock force transmitting core is positioned within the inner tube, and a smooth-walled tubular die is positioned outside the sleeve. By exploding the charge and transmitting force radially outward, the inner tube is caused to expand radially and circumferentially into a permanent conforming contact with the outer tube or sleeve and its internal groove or groves.

O Umted States Patent 1 1 1111 3,710,434 Daniels et al. 1 Jan. 16, 1973 54 EXPLOSIVE PIPE COUPLING METHOD 3,206,845 9/1965 Crump ..29/s23 ux [75] Inventors: Neville H. G. Daniels, Los Altos; Ed-

g et X orwm .....29/523 X ward f 1115, 3,432,916 3/1969 Fisher et al. ..29 s23x both of Cal1f. [73] Assignee: Anken Chemical & Film Corpora- FOREIGN PATENTS OR APPLICATIONS tion, Newton, NJ. 766,741 12/1954 Great Britain ..29/421 [22] Filed: March 1970 Primary Examiner-J. Spencer Overholser [21] Appl. No.: 17,173 Assistant Examiner-Ronald J. Shore AttorneyWolfe, Hubbard, Leydig, Voit & Osann, Lt [52] US. Cl. ..29/470.l, 29/479, 29/523 d [5 I 6 e 6 s 6 e s I v I 6 6 6 v 6 6 l 6 6 1 6 s 6 s v [58] Field of Search ..29/421 B, 470.1, 486, 479, l 1

29/523 Pipes or other tubular members are explosively joined. 3 1 An internal smooth walled tube is placed within an 5 Referen e Ci outer tube or sleeve having one or more circumferential internal grooves; an explosive charge cen- UNI ED STAT A E tered within a shock force transmitting core is posi- 2 779 279 1/1957 Maiwurm 29/421 X tioned within the inner tube, and a smooth-walled tu- 329077l 12/1966 ''g rf"""'::::; bular die is positioned outside the sleeve. By exploding 3:364:561 1/1968 Barrington ..29/470.1 the charge and transmitting force radially Outward, the 3,364,562 1/1968 Armstrong ..29/470.1 inner tube is caused to expand radially and Circum- 3,377,694 4/1968 Simons etal. ..29/470.1 ferentially into a permanent conforming contact with 3,409,969 11/1968 Simons et a1. ..29/470.1 X the outer tube or sleeve and its internal groove or 3,434,194 3/1969 Whittaker et al.... .....29/470.1 X ov 3,503,110 3/1970 Berry et al. ..29/470.1 X 3,535,767 10/1970 Doherty, Jr. et a1 ..29/470.1 9 Claims, 2 Drawing Figures V// rid 2 4/ /z 4 \\\\\X\\\\\\\\ X\\ )k\\\\\ EXPLOSIVE PIPE COUPLING METHOD INTRODUCTION This invention relates to the explosive joining of pipes or other tubular members, and more particularly concerns a method ofjoining tubular members which is characterized by the production of a tubing joint having unusually high strength.

The use of explosive techniques to join pipes and the like is now well established. Ordinarily, two tubes which are to be joined are partially telescoped into each other, or else placed in an abutting relation and surrounded with an external sleeve. Detonation of an internal or external explosive charge causes deformation of the tubes and/or sleeves, forming a joint that is permanent, leakproof, ordinarily quite strong, and made rapidly and at low cost. Feastures of the techniques include the ability to join dissimilar metals and to minimize the adverse effects of welding, or of cold or hot working that may be produced in some metals by other tube joining techniques.

Various explosive joining techniques have been described in the literature, as for example in Silverman et al. U.S. Pat. No. 3,290,770, U.S. Pat. No. 3,290,771, and U.S. Pat. No. 3,343,248, and Horeth British Pat. No. 776,741. While these are representative of modern explosive joining systems, the joints so produced have tensile strengths much less than the tensile strength of nonjointed tubing.

An object of the present invention is to provide an explosive joining method in which the joint has tensile and compressive strength approaching that of the tubing itself.

Another object is to provide a method for explosively forming tubes which provide a joint capable of withstanding high hydraulic pressures without leaking.

Another object is to provide a method for explosively joining pipe which provides a sealed joint without the use of coatings or gaskets, and relying on metal-to metal contact of the tubes.

Another object is to provide such a method whereby strong joints are made with minimal preparation of the tubing, and in fact which may be employed with dirty tubing.

Still a further object is to provide a tube joining system in which the external anvils or dies exhibit reduced damage or distortion during continued use.

Other and further objects will become apparent as the description of the invention proceeds in conjunction with the annexed drawings, which:

FIG. 1 schematically depicts, in sectional view, an explosive assembly for carrying out the method of the invention; and

FIG. 2 displays illustrative stress-strain curves of a sleeve and tube.

Turning now to FIG. 1, the invention is illustrated in an embodiment wherein it is desired to join a pair of tubes 11, 12 of generally similar cross section, that is, substantially equal inner and outer diameters. The tubes 11, 12 are to be explosively secured to an outer tube or sleeve 14.

In keeping with the invention, an elongated explosive nucleus 15 is centrally disposed along the axis of the tubular members or tubes 11, 12. The explosive in the nucleus 15 may be any of the chemical explosives customarily used for explosive welding, compaction,

joining, and/or perforation, and are typified by PETN (pentaerythritol tetranitrate), or other high explosives as described in Kirk-Othmer, Encyclopedia of Chemi' cal Technology", Second Edition, Volume 8, page 581.

Surrounding the explosive nucleus and in radial proximity to the tube 11 is a radial force transmitting core 16, which is made of a substantially incompressible material transmitting explosive shock from the nucleus 15 to the tubes 11, 12. Advantageously, the core 16 is composed of a deformable solid material such as gelatin, rubber, a synthetic organic elastomer, petroleum wax, grease, or the like. Alternatively, the core 16 may be a liquid core of water, oil, or the like (which may, if desirable, be contained by or within a suitable impermeable membrane), to transmit radial explosive shock force from the nucleus 15 to the tube walls. Although the explosive detonation will ordinarily decompose many of the materials preferred for the core 16, it may be desirable to employ a material such as gelatin, which is water soluble, and hence may be washed out of the joined tubes after explosive forming.

The tubes 1 1, 12 to be joined are, in the present embodiment, of essentially the same inner and outer diameter. Their abutting ends 17 preferably are ground or machined square so that the resulting joint has as smooth an internal surface as possible.

A particularly advantageous feature of the invention is that it may be used with any of a variety of metals, and in turn these may be uncoated or coated with a protective layer of another metal or of a resinous substance. Although it is usually desirable to remove this protective layer, at least on the outside of the tubes 11, 12, before joining, this is by no means necessary, and in fact coated. or even dirty tubes 11, 12 may be joined satisfactorily. It has been found that the high strength and good scaling properties of the joints are not dependent on the presence of such coatings of resinous substances or layers of metal, and that joints with exceedingly high resistance to separation and resistance to hydraulic leakage are obtained where no coatings or gasket-like elements are used, and where metal-tometal contact is utilized.

An external sleeve 14 is positioned around and in proximity to the inner tubes 1 1, l2 and advantageously extends equally from the ends 17. A series of circumferential grooves 19 is machined or ground on the internal surface of the sleeve 14, and it is into these grooves 19 that the adjacent wall sections of the tubes 11, 12 are forced when the explosive nucleus 15 is detonated.

The sleeve 14 fits as snugly as possible over the tubes 11, 12, although in practice clearances of 0005-0010 in. or more may be used. The length of the sleeve is usually from about two to about four times the outer diameter of the tubes 11, while the thinkness is approximately twice that of the tube walls. Optimally, the grooves 19 are free from sharp comers or edges, and their width is several times greater (generally but not exclusively 3-12) than their depth.

A die 20 surrounds the sleeve 14 over the entire length of the sleeve, and optionally a short distance beyond the sleeve in either direction. This die 20 desirably is made of a hard material such as tool steel, is composed of a number of segments held together elastically, as for example by wrapping with a rubber bandage, and should be fairly heavy so as to provide an anvil-like backing to resist outward expansion of the sleeve 14. An advantage of the invention, however, is that the die may be made of low cost metal such as hot rolled steel. The purpose of the die 20 is to present a slightly yielding surface to the explosively expanding tubes 11, 12 and sleeve 14, and to absorb excess impulse of the explosion as momentum of the separating die segments. Accordingly a simple rubber bandage around the segments provides this function and, in addition, permits easy disassembly of the die 20 after the explosive forming operation. Alternatively, light steel straps, about one-half inch wide by 0.020 inch thick, held together at the ends with a No. 6 screw and nut, may be used; in this case, the screw is broken and the strap laid back to liberate the segments after explosion.

As indicated on the drawing, both the inner and outer walls of tubes 11, 12 are commercially smooth, and the outher surface of the sleeve and the inner surface of the die 20 are also commercially smooth. Thus, in keeping with the invention, the external wall of the sleeve 14 is deformed only slightly during explosive joining, and its deformation being maintained at a' minimum by virtue of the surrounding die 20.

After the explosive nucleus 15, shock force transmitting core 16, inner tubes 11, 12, outer sleeve 14 and die 20 has been assembled, the forming of the joint can then take place by detonating the explosive nucleus. When this occurs a radially expanding shock force is transmitted outward to the tubes 11, 12. As a result of the shock force, expansion is produced in those areas of the tubes 11, 12 which are not opposite the grooves 19 in the sleeve 14, to contact the inner surface of the sleeve 14.

As to those areas of the tubes 11, 12 which are directly opposite the grooves 19, these unsupported areas are embossed into the grooves 19 by the shock force.

Because, in the typical case, the tubes l1, l2 and the surrounding sleeve 14 are unable by themselves to resist further radial and circumferential expansion caused by the explosion, the surrounding die 20 then begins to function, This die, both by reason of its inertial mass and its preferably elastic mounting, resist further expansion of the sleeve 14.

It will be appreciated that under the influence of the explosive shock, the metal of the tubes 11, 12 and of the sleeve 14 can deform plastically once their respectively yield points are exceeded. It can be readily shown that, because of geometrical considerations, the tubes undergo a greater percentage strain than does the sleeve for any given amount of expansion of the assembly by the explosive force. lt this occurs that the tubes can undergo considerably more plastic strain than the sleeve, since it would be theoretically possible to choose an amount of expansion such that the sleeve would deform only in an elastic manner, but that the tubes would deform both plastically and elastically. Since only the elastic portion of the deformation is recovered after relief of the explosive force, the sleeve tends to recover a greater proportion of its total deformation than do the tubes. However, the complete recovery (elastic contraction) of the sleeve is resisted by the plastically expanded tubes so that after relief of the explosive force the sleeve is in a state of circumferential tension, the tubes are in a state of circumferential compression, and a high compressive radial force exists between the sleeve and tubes. The effective sealing characteristics of joints made by the method of the invention against high hydraulic pressure is believed to be attributable to the differential recovery of the sleeve and tube after the joint formation shock wave.

The magnitude of the radial compressive force between the tubes and the sleeve depends upon many factors including the wall thicknessess and diameters of the tubes and sleeve, the amount of expansion of these parts during formation of the joint, and the elastic moduli, yield strength and work hardening characteristics of the parts. lf the yield strength of the sleeve is higher than that of the tubes, the sleeve can sustain a proportionately greater amount of elastic strain without yielding, and can therefore exert a greater compressive force on the tubes and thereby affect a stronger or more tightly sealed joint. Conversely, if the strength of the sleeve is substantially less than that of tubes, the tubes recover a greater proportion of their total strain than does the sleeve and a satisfactory joint is not produced. Similar effects can be achieved by using tubes and sleeves of differing elastic moduli. It has been discovered that joints having exceptional mechanical strength will be produced when the sleeve 14 is made of metal having a higher yield point than that of the tubes 1 l, 12 (about 1.25 or higher), and the magnitude of the explosive shock force is such as to momentarily stress the metal of the tubes beyond its yield point to cause plastic flow. By the foregoing we mean that plastic flow is produced not only in the metal of the tubes 11, 12 directly opposite the grooves in the sleeve 14 so as to cause plastic flow into the grooves in the sleeve to produce close conformity of the tube metal against the outer groove walls, but also plastic flow in those sections of the tubes radially adjacent the explosive assembly and where the shock force transmitting material is positioned to transmit shock force to the tubes without substantial attenuation.

To explain the above described phenomenon, reference is made to FIG. 2, which displays illustrative stress-strain curves for metals of a sleeve 14 and tubes 11, 12. The vertical line E represents the strain produced in the materials in the formation of a joint by an explosive shock force. It will be observed that in the example of FIG. 2 the sleeve 14 has been stressed to a point S below its yield point Y,, and within the region of elastic strain. Furthermore, the tubes ll, 12 have been stressed to the point 8; beyond their yield point Y into the region of plastic flow and have been deformed plastically to the extent represented by the arrow C. Accordingly, after the shock wave has passed, the sleeve 14 tends to fully recover the deformation represented by the arrow A, while the tubes 11, 12 can only partially recover their deformation to the extent represented by the arrow B. Since the sleeve 14 tends to recover its full deformation while the tubes 11, 12 can only partially recover their deformation, the sleeve places the tubes in circumferential compression while the sleeve remains in circumferential tension.

This phenomenon is similar to that which occurs in a process known as autofrettage employed to improve the endurance of gun barrels, pressure vessels, and the like, and is believed to explain many of the unusually high strengths of of explosive-formed joints according to the invention. While not intended to be bound by any theory, analysis of the residual stresses in joints member, in either event with the inner member explosively expanded outwardly and into sealing contact with the outer member.

The invention will further be exemplified in the ensuformed according to the invention Show th h 5 ing Examples, which are representative and illustrative, sleeves are under residual tension stresses while the h are lmehded neither to be FXcluSiVe fully f tubes are under residual compression stresses. Thus the the scope thereofq l" l T Q stressing of the tubes beyond the yield point without vanauons and modlficanons of the f Wm over stressing the sleeve metal has apparently produced become apparent from the E mtended this condition of residual stresses, and in addition has and produced a strong mechanical lock between the parts Canon: i wlt m the Spmt and broad scope of the due to the expansion of the tube metal into the grooves apPen F c films HM in the sleeve. m.

It has not been established, nor does it appear to be Variois aspefts of the invention are illustrated in the essential, that the explosion creates sufficient expaneniumg f l h d l sion of the sleeve 14 to exceed its yield strength also. i g f g Pi g The surrounding die serves to confine the sleeve 1 l orme u eJom ma 6 W0 engt S A inch CD. by 0.117 inch wall thickness steel Line even in the event its yield strength is exceeded. How- Pipe, using an external sleeve of 5 inches CD. by 0.225 ever, on theoretical grounds, it appears necessary for 20 inch wall. Unless otherwise specified, the sleeve is optimum realization of the benefits of the invention to made of a higher strength steel, about 12 inches long, exceed the yield strength ofthe tubes 11, 12.

. with four internal grooves with their center lines In practice the sleeve may in some instances with adt b t d b d it 8] r n e if desi n located at 3 inches, 4 74 inches, 7 /4 inches, and 9 r e :9 s .i i d fi inches from one end of the sleeve. lmnaum? app 5 i z g f e Again unless otherwise stated, the explosive is cong as 8 a We 2P3 g f or tained within a core of gelatin, shaped as a monolithic a t t e S eeve Y now recover u e cylinder with a length of 10 inches and an outer diamemation, the tubes will still recover a lesser portion of tel, ofabout 5 inches their deformanon' collseqflemly the Sleeve will i The surrounding die is made of steel, and is cylindriagain place the tubes in circumferential compression ca] bothinside and outside die weighs about 40 whlle n t tenslon pounds, and is composed of four longitudinal segments,

Furthermore" has been fourld thatlomtf" made each 12 inches long, secured together by a thin steel this method will hold a hydraulic sealat high pressure strap about 05 inches wide by about @020 inches levels even after l has been suplected to 8 thick. The inner diameter of the surrounding die is 5 dinal stresses sufficient to produce slippage of the oint inches and Start ofmechamcal After explosively forming the tube joints, any explo- Wlth respect to the grooves 19, 1t {ippears that a l sive or core residues are removed, and end plugs lehed, groove, Wlth rounded edges, 18 h most welded into each end of the joined tube. Unless otherble p Should the l'adlus of the rounded ends of the 40 wise indicated, hydraulic pressure is internally applied g however, be excessively large, decreased to the joined tube while the ends of the tube are placed sile strength of the tube joint can e exp ct on the in tension. Observations are made on the tube while it er hand. Should the grooves 19 lolbe excessively is simultaneously undergoing internal hydraulic preseep, r p ur f he a j cent tu 11, 12 w lls may csure and a longitudinal tensile stress, and the maximum cur. load in tension (including both tension load applied by Although the invention has thus far been describedthe test machine and tension load due to the internal in conjunction with the joining of two lengths of tubing pressure) is noted when the joint separates. having essentially equal cross sectional dimensions, it is In the several Examples, each Shot is numbered in evident, of course, that the invention has more diverse the sequence in which it was actually run. Thus, application. Thus, for example it may be used to join preceding shot comments should be noted to trace culengths of tubing wherein one tube telescopes into the mulative procedural variation where applicable. other; in this embodiment, the outer tube is circum- 'EXAM'PLE ferentially grooved in a manner similar to the grooves Thi Example compares the explosive joining system 19 of the sleeve 14, and an explosive core expands the of the present invention (Shot No. 7) with tow prior art inner tube into engagement with he outer. By this explosive joining procedures. In Shot No. 9, both the procedure, strong joints are effected between tubes of tubes and the sleeve are un-grooved; in Shot No. 8, a differing sizes. different die is used with four grooves, each 1 inch wide Additionally, pipe caps or vessel heads may be by,0.l25 inches deep with a 0.31 inch radius at both secured to the tubular portion of the pipe or vessel sides of the groove,formed in the surrounding die face, respectively the the procedure of the invention. The circumferentially ofthe inner face of the die. This die is cap or head may either be the inner or outer tubular not further used in the Examples.

EXAMPLE 1 Max. Unit Uroovo details load in stress .hflwwdfiww Hydraulic test, tension, n t n Shot No. Width Depth Radius p.s.i. ll). p.s.i. Comments .L. N0 groove iii die or sleeve 500 Leak... 10,000 0, Fired iii 12 in. long die with 10 iii. of low density tetryl pellets.

4 grooves in (lie, no grooves 1,170 0K..." 31,000 10, 600 Joint; sliiplped and internal pressure dropped too fast; to maintain by um 1.0 02;; 0.31 1,170 OK 101,900 02,500 Jo intfi ed inlongorlilin. diewithloiiger twin.) length of low density tetryl pellets, to obtain improved filling of first; groove, iii. slippage before leak.

EXAMPLE 11 4 In each of the B and C runs, 2 inch, schedule 40, 0.l54 inch wall tubing was joined by a seamless cold drawn tubing sleeve, 8 inches long. The surroundingdie was a doubles die, with the inner face grooved circumferentially with semi-circular grooves approximately one-half inch wide by one-eighth inch deep,

EXAMPLE II Max Unit Groove details load in stress in s Hydraulic tension, pipe number Width Depth Radius test, p.s.i. lb. p.s.i. Comments 1. 0 0. 125 0.31 Leaked at 200 44, 400 27, 200 Sleeve made of stress relieved 1010 steel. Low yield strength, sleeve material not preferred. 13 1. 0 0. 125 0.31 1,170 0K 80, 000 54, 700 Sleeve material given process anneal. Demonstrates X-52 sleeve material efiective even when not cold worked. Pulled out in. without leak under 1,170 p.s.i. 12 in. long dic. 3 1. 0 0.125 0.31 1,170 OK 85, 400 52, 400 Groove radius as for shot 2, but groove length extended to 1 in. by fiat section between radii. Joint slipped 1 in. without leak. in. long die. 11 1. 0 0.125 0.31 1,170 OK 86,000 52,700 New X-52 sleeve material. Other shot details as No. 7. Sleeve material used as received. 06-08 Rp.'12 in. long die. 0 1. 0 0.125 0.31 1,170 OK 101,000 62,500 Sleeve made of 4135, about Re 33. High yield strength Sleeve material preferred. 10 in. long die.

EXAMPLE Ill four grooves per oint. The die was composed of four This Example illustrates joint strengtlTas function of groove dimensions.

longitudinal segments held together by several wraps of adhesive tape.

Max Unit Groove details load in stress in Shot Hydraulic tension, pipe, number Width Depth Radius test, p.s.i. lb. p.s.i. Comments 1 1. 0 0. 125 1.06 1,170 OK 61, 000 38,000 Circular section groove. Joint slipped without leaking. 3 1. 0 0.125 0.31 1,170 OK 85,400 52,400 Groove radius as [or shot 2, but groove length extended to 1 in. by [lot section between radii. Joint slipped 1 in. Without leak. 2.-.. 0.5 0.125 0.31 1, 170 OK 83,000 51,400 Circular section groove. Joint slipped without leaking. 4 0.35 0. 125 0. l0 1, 170 OK 81,000 50, 200 Circular section groove. Joint slipped without leak.

EXAMPLE IV In Run A, according to the invention, the tubing was This Example illustra tes the nietliod of the invention as applied to clean tubes and sleeves (Shot No. l 1) and a joint made with the sleeve bore and the pipe external surface deliberately covered with mud before firing (Shot No.12).

EXAMPLE 1V T 2 k inch CD. by 0.250 inch wall thickness, with four internal machined grooves, approximately one-half inch wide by one-eighth inch deep with rounded fillets. (For this run, the surrounding die had no grooves.) The explosive was 12 grams of PETN in a thin Lucite tube 6 Max Unit Groove details load in stress in Shot Hydraulic tension, pipe, number Width Depth Radius test, p.s.i. lb. p.s.i. Comments 11 1.0 0.125 0.31 1,170 OK 86, 000 52,700 New X-52 sleeve material; Other shot details as No. 7. Sleeve material used as received. 06-98 Re. 12 1.0 0.125 0.31 1,170 0K 84, 500 51,800 Sleeve bore and pipe deliberately covered with mud before assembly. Other shot details as No. 10. Demonstrates joint does not demand cleanliness.

EXAMPLE V inches long by approximately one-half 1110]! in diame- In this Example, a :u'bjdi'm is made according to the procedure of Shot No. 3, and is subjected to hydraulic pressure until rupture.

The pressure was increased to 5250 pounds, until a leak developed at a pinhole failure in the weld at the plugged end of one of the tubesExtensive bulging was noted; the pipe bulged to about 5.33 inches 0.D., from an initial 4.50 inches. Maximum internal pressure of 5250 psi compares with the nominal bursting strength of this pipe of 3307 psi.

N EXAMPLE VI In this Example, the system of the invention (Ru'n"A) is contrasted with prior art explosive tube technique (Run B and Run C). It should be noted that the results are not strictly comparable by reason of the different sleeve dimensions and firing details.

ter, positioned within a gelatin core about 6 inches long and 2 inches O.D.

After firing, the tube was cleaned and its ends welded shut. Hydraulic testing at 2000 psi and simultaneous longitudinal tension were applied. The joint began to slip at 58,000 pounds tension plus 2000 psi internal pressure. No leaking was noted as the joint slipped.

In Run B, the sleeve was composed of 2 /8 inch O.D. cold drawn seamless tubing, 0.25 inch wall by 8 inches long. The charge of 12 grams PETN in a thin brass tube (2 grams/in.) was centered in a gelatin plug 6 inches long. After firing, the joined tubing was cleaned, end plugs were welded in, and the assembly was subjected to hydraulic testing. No leakage was detected at 2000 psi, but when the tubing was subjected to longitudinal tension the joint began to slip at 8500 pounds tension but did not leak at psi internal pressure. Examination of the joint indicated inadequate forming, as com pared with the good joint formation of Run A.

For Run C, cold drawn seamless tubing, 2 inch O.D., 0.120 inch wall thickness, by 8 inches long sleeve was used. The explosive was 14 grams PETN (2.3 gmsJin.) in a thin Lucite tube centered in a gelatin core. After cleaning and application of end plugs, the

jointed tube as subjected to hydraulic testing; no

leakage was detected at 2000 psi. When longitudinal tension was applied simultaneously, the joint began to slip at 23,000 pounds tension. No leakage occurred as the joint slipped. Examination of the joint indicated that it was well formed.

Thus, it is apparent that there has been provided, according to the invention, a system for explosive joining pipes or,other tubular members which fully satisfies the aims, objectives, and advantages as set forth above.

EXAMPLE Vll This example illustrates the application of l the method of the invention to the joining of aluminum alloy tubing. In this example, an explosively formed tube joint is made from two lengths of4 75 inch CD. by 0.125 inch wall thickness drawn aluminum tubing of 606lT6 aluminum alloy, using an external sleeve 5 inches CD. by 0.250 wall. The sleeve is made of extruded 606l-T6 aluminum alloy tubing, about 12 inches long, with four internal grooves with their center lines located at 3 inches, 4 36 inches, 7 inches, and 9 inches from one end of the sleeve.

The arrangement of the explosive charge, and the die used are essentially as described for the making of radially expanding said expansion die to deform said outer member approaching but not exceeding its yield point, and allowing said outer member to substantially recover its elastic deformation to produce residual circumferential compressive stresses in said inner tubular member and residual circumferential tension stresses in said outer tubular member, the combination of the radial compressive forces exerted by the outer member on the inner member due to elastic recovery of the outer member and the formation .of the inner member into the groove providing a fluid tight as well as axially strong mechanical joint.

2. Method of claim 1 wherein said outer tubular member is made of metal having a higher yield point than the metal of the inner tubular member.

3. Method of claim 1 wherein said shock force trans mitting material is an incompressible deformable solid core.

4. Method of claim 1 wherein said shock force transmitting material is a liquid.

5. Method of claim 1 wherein said outer tubular member is about twice the thickness of said inner tubular member, and said internal groove is about as deep as the thickness of said inner tubular member.

6. Method of claim 1 wherein said expansible tubular die is a segmented metal die.

7. Method of claim 1 wherein said expansible tubular die is sufficiently heavy to absorb excess impulse of the explosion as momentum of the die segments.

8. Method of claim 1 including first and second inner joints in steel line pipe of 4 1% OD. tubular members of similar cross sectional dimensions EXAMPLE VII Max. Unit Groove details load in stress Hydraulic test, tension, in pipv, Shot number Width Depth Radius p.s.l. lb p.s.i. Comments 18 1.0 0.125 0.31 900 OK 54, 800 31,900 Leak developed after in. of movement.

The following is c lairned as invention: 1. In a method of explosively joining inner and outer tubular members by internal explosive shock force, the improvement comprising:

assembling, in radial proximity,

a. an inner, effectively smooth walled, tubular metal member,

b. an outer tubular metal member having atleast one circumferential internal groove.

0. an explosive charge surrounded by a plug of shock force transmitting material within said inner tubu lar member and with said material in contact with said inner tubular member, and

d. an effectively smooth walled, expansible tubular die surrounding said outer tubular member; and detonating said explosive charge and transmitting shock force produced thereby radially through said force transmitting material to the inner tubular member of such magnitude to radially expand and plastically deform said inner member beyond its yield point and cause plastic flow of the inner member metal where surrounded by said outer member into permanent conforming contact with the outer tubular member and to form said inner member into said internal groove, while simultaneously radially expanding and only elastically deforming said outer member by radially expanding said member and in abutting relationship, and wherein said outer tubular member has at least one circumferential groove over each of said inner tubular members.

9. In a method ofjoining inner and outer tubular members, the improvement comprising:

assembling, in radial proximity,

a. an inner, effectively smooth walled, tubular metal member,

b. an outer tubular metal member having at least one circumferential internal groove, said outer tubular member being made of metal having a higher yield point than the metal of the inner member, and,

. an effectively smooth walled, expansible, tubular die, surrounding said outer tubular members; and,

' producing residual circumferential compressive stresses in said inner tubular member and residual circumferential tension stresses in said outer tubular member by radially expanding and plastically deforming said inner tubular member beyond its yield point to cause plastic flow thereof where surrounded by said outer member into permanently conforming contact with the outer tubular member including said internal groove while simultaneously radially expanding an only elastically deforming said outer member by radially expanding said member and radially expanding said expansion die to deform said i the combination of the radial compressive outer member approaching but not exceeding its forces exerted by the outer member on the inner yield point by the application to said inner tubumember due to the elastic recovery of the outer lar member of an internal radially transmitted member and the formation of the inner member shock force, and allowing said outer member to 5 into the groove providing a fluid tight as well as substantially recover its elastic deformation and axially Strong mechanical joint. exert compressive forces on such inner member, 

1. In a method of explosively joining inner and outer tubular members by internal explosive shock force, the improvement comprising: assembling, in radial proximity, a. an inner, effectively smooth walled, tubular metal member, b. an outer tubular metal member having at least one circumferential internal groove. c. an explosive charge surrounded by a plug of shock force transmitting material within said inner tubular member and with said material in contact with said inner tubular member, and d. an effectively smooth walled, expansible tubular die surrounding said outer tubular member; and detonating said explosive charge and transmitting shock force produced thereby radially through said force transmitting material to the inner tubular member of such magnitude to radially expand and plastically deform said inner member beyond its yield point and cause plastic flow of the inner member metal where surrounded by said outer member into permanent conforming contact with the outer tubular member and to form said inner member into said internal groove, while simultaneously radially expanding and only elastically deforming said outer member by radially expanding said member and radially expanding said expansion die to deform said outer member approaching but not exceeding its yield point, and allowing said outer member to substantially recover its elastic deformation to prodUce residual circumferential compressive stresses in said inner tubular member and residual circumferential tension stresses in said outer tubular member, the combination of the radial compressive forces exerted by the outer member on the inner member due to elastic recovery of the outer member and the formation of the inner member into the groove providing a fluid tight as well as axially strong mechanical joint.
 2. Method of claim 1 wherein said outer tubular member is made of metal having a higher yield point than the metal of the inner tubular member.
 3. Method of claim 1 wherein said shock force transmitting material is an incompressible deformable solid core.
 4. Method of claim 1 wherein said shock force transmitting material is a liquid.
 5. Method of claim 1 wherein said outer tubular member is about twice the thickness of said inner tubular member, and said internal groove is about as deep as the thickness of said inner tubular member.
 6. Method of claim 1 wherein said expansible tubular die is a segmented metal die.
 7. Method of claim 1 wherein said expansible tubular die is sufficiently heavy to absorb excess impulse of the explosion as momentum of the die segments.
 8. Method of claim 1 including first and second inner tubular members of similar cross sectional dimensions in abutting relationship, and wherein said outer tubular member has at least one circumferential groove over each of said inner tubular members.
 9. In a method of joining inner and outer tubular members, the improvement comprising: assembling, in radial proximity, a. an inner, effectively smooth walled, tubular metal member, b. an outer tubular metal member having at least one circumferential internal groove, said outer tubular member being made of metal having a higher yield point than the metal of the inner member, and, c. an effectively smooth walled, expansible, tubular die, surrounding said outer tubular members; and, producing residual circumferential compressive stresses in said inner tubular member and residual circumferential tension stresses in said outer tubular member by radially expanding and plastically deforming said inner tubular member beyond its yield point to cause plastic flow thereof where surrounded by said outer member into permanently conforming contact with the outer tubular member including said internal groove while simultaneously radially expanding an only elastically deforming said outer member by radially expanding said member and radially expanding said expansion die to deform said outer member approaching but not exceeding its yield point by the application to said inner tubular member of an internal radially transmitted shock force, and allowing said outer member to substantially recover its elastic deformation and exert compressive forces on such inner member, the combination of the radial compressive forces exerted by the outer member on the inner member due to the elastic recovery of the outer member and the formation of the inner member into the groove providing a fluid tight as well as axially strong mechanical joint. 